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Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity based on the aforementioned cultural policies, [56] [57] which were designed with the main goal of "helping" indigenous peoples to achieve the same level of progress as the rest of society by transforming ...
Mexicans were left to fill pre-existing gaps in the American labor market, and colonias, or Mexican-majority neighborhoods, were established in Chicago, Kansas City, and Salt Lake City, as railroad companies were one of the main sources of employment. [179]
On the eve of World War II, the Cárdenas administration (1934–1940) was stabilizing, and consolidating control over, a Mexican nation that, for decades, had been in revolutionary flux, [97] and Mexicans were beginning to interpret the European battle between the communists and fascists, especially the Spanish Civil War, through their unique ...
Mexicans were further targeted because of "the proximity of the Mexican border, the physical distinctiveness of mestizos, and easily identifiable barrios". [14] Estimates of the number who moved to Mexico between 1929 and 1939 range from 300,000 and 2 million, [5] with most estimates placing the number at between 500,000 and 1 million. [10]
People of Mexican descent were deported from the U.S. to Mexico by train, buses, ships and planes. While most were forcibly removed from the country, there were thousands of others who chose to ...
Mexican Americans have the highest fertility rate in the United States. While only 10% of the United States's population was Mexican American in the year 2008, 16% of the country's births were to Mexican mothers. Mexican-Americans are generally younger than other racial and ethnic groups in the United States.
Urban centers such as Houston, Bakersfield, and Fresno were built after the Mexican American War, with no Spanish or Mexican foundation. Roughly 1 in 10 Mexicans – or 1 million – uprooted ...
The Mexican Revolution, a violent social and cultural movement that defined 20th-century Mexico, produced a nationalist sentiment that the indigenous peoples were the foundation of Mexican society in a movement known as indigenismo. [49]