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The Sun is 1.4 million kilometers (4.643 light-seconds) wide, about 109 times wider than Earth, or four times the Lunar distance, and contains 99.86% of all Solar System mass. The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star that makes up about 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System. [26]
Thus, the Sun occupies 0.00001% (1 part in 10 7) of the volume of a sphere with a radius the size of Earth's orbit, whereas Earth's volume is roughly 1 millionth (10 −6) that of the Sun. Jupiter, the largest planet, is 5.2 AU from the Sun and has a radius of 71,000 km (0.00047 AU; 44,000 mi), whereas the most distant planet, Neptune, is 30 AU ...
[121] [122] Within 7.5 billion years, the Sun will have expanded to a radius of 1.2 AU (180 × 10 ^ 6 km; 110 × 10 ^ 6 mi)—256 times its current size. At the tip of the red-giant branch , as a result of the vastly increased surface area, the Sun's surface will be much cooler (about 2,600 K (2,330 °C; 4,220 °F)) than now, and its luminosity ...
Ra on the solar barque on his daily voyage across the sky (𓇯), adorned with the sun-disk. According to Egyptian myth, when Ra became too old and weary to reign on Earth he relinquished and went to the skies. [7] As the Sun god one of his duties was to carry the Sun cross the sky on his solar barque to light the day.
The Sun has also undergone periodic changes in luminosity that can have a significant impact on the Earth. [108] The Maunder minimum, for example, is believed to have caused the Little Ice Age phenomenon during the Middle Ages. [109] At the center of the Sun is the core region, a volume of sufficient temperature and pressure for nuclear fusion ...
A Campbell–Stokes sunshine recorder. A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location or region at any time. The results provide information about the weather and climate as well as the temperature of a geographical area.
This will rise to 10 −6 M ☉ /year on the asymptotic giant branch, before peaking at a rate of 10 −5 to 10 −4 M ☉ /year as the Sun generates a planetary nebula. By the time the Sun becomes a degenerate white dwarf, it will have lost 46% of its starting mass. [15] The mass of the Sun has been decreasing since the time it formed.
The solar transition region is a region of the Sun's atmosphere between the upper chromosphere and corona. [1] [2] It is important because it is the site of several unrelated but important transitions in the physics of the solar atmosphere: