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Reproductive tract infection (RTI) are infections that affect the reproductive tract, which is part of the reproductive system.For females, reproductive tract infections can affect the upper reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, ovary and uterus) and the lower reproductive tract (vagina, cervix and vulva); for males these infections affect the penis, testicles, urethra or the vas deferens.
Female genital disease is a disorder of the structure or function of the female reproductive system that has a known cause and a distinctive group of symptoms, signs, or anatomical changes. The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries , fallopian tubes , uterus , vagina , and vulva .
Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, [1] and has been linked to diseases like urinary tract infections [2] and osteoporosis. In women, low levels of estrogen may cause symptoms such as hot flashes, sleeping disturbances, decreased bone health, [3] and changes in the genitourinary system.
Adiposogenital dystrophy is a condition that may be caused by tertiary hypogonadism originating from decreased levels in GnRH. Low levels of GnRH has been associated with defects of the feeding centers of the hypothalamus [citation needed], leading to an increased consumption of food and thus caloric intake.
Blood flow and sensation can decrease, causing pain during sex and the pH level can rise due to decreased lactic acid production, which can allow harmful bacteria and fungi to grow and cause infections. [16] Antiestrogen medications may also contribute to the development of atrophic vaginitis.
Partial genital undermasculinization can occur if the body has a partial resistance to androgens, or if genital development is blocked, undermasculization can also be induced by certain drugs and hormones. The overall intensity of undermasculinization can manifest itself in hypospadias.
The 13 serotypes of L. monocytogenes can cause disease, but more than 90% of human isolates belong to only three serotypes: 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. L. monocytogenes serotype 4b strains are responsible for 33 to 35% of sporadic human cases worldwide and for all major foodborne outbreaks in Europe and North America since the 1980s. [15]
If Gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci are visualized on direct Gram stain of urethral pus (male genital infection), no further testing is needed to establish the diagnosis of gonorrhea infection. [40] [41] However, direct Gram stain of cervical swabs is not useful because the N. gonorrhoeae organisms are less concentrated in these samples.