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Classifying stimulants is difficult, because of the large number of classes the drugs occupy, and the fact that they may belong to multiple classes; for example, ecstasy can be classified as a substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine, a substituted amphetamine and consequently, a substituted phenethylamine.
Some of amphetamine's substituted derivatives occur in nature, for example in the leaves of Ephedra and khat plants. [1] Amphetamine was first produced at the end of the 19th century. By the 1930s, amphetamine and some of its derivative compounds found use as decongestants in the symptomatic treatment of colds and also occasionally as ...
[13] [14] [16] [17] Relatively high doses of stimulants cause cognitive deficits. [16] [17] Amphetamine – systematic reviews and meta-analyses report that low-dose amphetamine may improve cognitive functions (e.g., inhibitory control, episodic memory, working memory, and aspects of attention) in healthy people and in individuals with ADHD.
2.1 Stimulants. 2.2 Non-Stimulant Medications. 3 Anxiety Disorders. Toggle Anxiety Disorders subsection. 3.1 Benzodiazepines. 3.2 Non-Benzodiazepine Anxiolytics.
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
In 2008, stimulants, such as caffeine, were the most commonly used nootropic agent. [15] In 2016, the American Medical Association adopted a policy to discourage prescriptions of nootropics for healthy people, on the basis that the cognitive effects appear to be highly variable among individuals, are dose-dependent, and limited or modest at ...
Initially at Grateful Life, Hamm wasn’t allowed to bring in non-spiritual materials like novels or newspapers — a restriction inherited from the older “therapeutic community” models — or to wear street clothes. He attended classes in light blue surgical scrubs, a public humbling that all newbies were subjected to.
stimulant Coca, leaves and any salt, compound, derivative or preparation of coca leaves [8] [note 1] 9041 stimulant Cocaine, and its salts, isomers, derivatives and salts of isomers and derivatives [8] [note 1] 9180 stimulant Ecgonine, and its salts, isomers, derivatives and salts of isomers and derivatives [8] [note 1] 9670 opiate