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Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells expressing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) could interact with programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) expressed on the surface of T cells, and result in decreased tumor cell kill by the immune system. Atezolizumab is an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [3] [4] Cancer can be difficult to diagnose because its signs and symptoms are often nonspecific, meaning they may be general phenomena that do not point directly to a specific disease process.
There are two main types of lung cancer, categorized by the size and appearance of the malignant cells seen by a histopathologist under a microscope: small cell lung cancer (SCLC; 15% of cases) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC; 85% of cases). [18] SCLC tumors are often found near the center of the lungs, in the major airways. [19]
A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely. [28] [29] All tumor cells show the six hallmarks of cancer. These characteristics are required to produce a malignant tumor. They include: [30] Cell growth and division absent the proper signals
It mainly affects older adults, and affects men and women almost equally. [4] White people have higher incidence rates than black and Asian people, [5] but the cause of these disparities is poorly understood. [5] Indolent lymphoma is usually considered incurable without the use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, unless the disease is ...
To find out what's driving the stark inequities, the American Cancer Society launched a study Tuesday called VOICES of Black Women, which plans to enroll more than 100,000 Black women ages 25 to ...
For example, a benign tumor of smooth muscle cells is called a leiomyoma (the common name of this frequently occurring benign tumor in the uterus is fibroid). Confusingly, some types of cancer use the -noma suffix, examples including melanoma and seminoma .
The appearance of cancer cells under a microscope is another predictor of systemic spread. The more different the cancer cells look compared to normal duct cells, the greater the risk of systemic spread. There are three characteristics that differentiate cancer cells from normal cells. Tendency to form tubular structures