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Markus' most significant contributions to social psychology are her conceptualizations of the self-schema, [7] [8] of possible selves, [9] the theory of how cultures and selves shape each other, the distinction between the independent and interdependent selves, [10] [11] and the culture cycle. [12] [13] [14]
The self's relationship with and understanding of the body is an important part of self-schema. Body schema is a general term that has multiple definitions in various disciplines. Generally, it refers to a person's concept of his or her own body, where it is in space, what it looks like, how it is functioning, etc.
Markus and Kitayama's self-construal theory postulates that there are two basic ways of conceptualizing the human person and that cultures differ according to which of those they subscribe to. Egoism, individual pride, individual uniqueness, independent thinking, self-expression, self-reliance and self-enhancement are believed to be facets of ...
Self-knowledge can be categorized by structures in memory or schemata.A self-schema is a set of facts or beliefs that one has about themselves. [5] For any given trait, an individual may or may not be "schematic"; that is, the individual may or may not think about themselves as to where they stand on that trait.
Hazel Rose Markus and Shinobu Kitayama's theory of the interdependent self hypothesizes that representations of the self in human cultures fall on a continuum from independent to interdependent. The independent self is supposed to be egoistic, unique, separated from the various contexts, critical in judgment, and prone to self-expression.
A collection of self-schemas makes up one's overall self-concept. For example, the statement "I am lazy" is a self-assessment that contributes to self-concept. Statements such as "I am tired", however, would not be part of someone's self-concept, since being tired is a temporary state and therefore cannot become a part of a self-schema.
The observational study analyzed self-reported data on mental health and well-being from the University College London COVID-19 Social Study, which began in March 2020, was regularly monitored ...
Sandra Ruth Lipsitz Bem (June 22, 1944 – May 20, 2014) was an American psychologist known for her works in androgyny and gender studies.Her pioneering work on gender roles, gender polarization [1] [2] and gender stereotypes led directly to more equal employment opportunities for women in the United States.