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Thelema (/ θ ə ˈ l iː m ə /) is a Western esoteric and occult social or spiritual philosophy [1] and a new religious movement founded in the early 1900s by Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), an English writer, mystic, occultist, and ceremonial magician. [2]
Crowley's theological beliefs were not clear. The historian Ronald Hutton noted that some of Crowley's writings could be used to argue that he was an atheist, [231] while some support the idea that he was a polytheist, [240] and others would bolster the idea that he was a mystical monotheist. [247]
True Will is a foundational concept in Thelema, the philosophical and magical framework established by Aleister Crowley early in the 20th century. It represents the intrinsic and divine purpose unique to each individual, transcending mere personal desires and societal expectations.
The significant theories of emotion can be divided into three primary categories: physiological, [5] neurological, [6] and cognitive. [7] Physiological theories imply that activity within the body can be accountable for emotions. [8] Neurological theories suggest that activity within the brain leads to emotional responses. [6]
The theory offers an explanation for the evolution of common facial expressions of emotion in mammals. Little experimental work has been done to extend the theory, however. Carroll Izard discussed gains and losses associated with the evolution of emotions.
One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). [119] [120] Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold ...
Culture guides our understanding, expectations, and interpretations of human emotion and behavior. [18] Cultural expectations of emotion are sometimes referred to as display rules, internalized through a socialization process. [19] [20] [21] The social consequences and valuation of different emotions also vary across cultures.
A 2009 review [44] of theories of emotion identifies and contrasts fundamental emotions according to three key criteria for mental experiences that: have a strongly motivating subjective quality like pleasure or pain; are a response to some event or object that is either real or imagined; motivate particular kinds of behavior.