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  2. School of Diplomacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Diplomacy

    e. The School of Diplomacy ( simplified Chinese: 纵 横 家; traditional Chinese: 縱橫家; pinyin: Zōng héng Jiā ), or the School of Vertical and Horizontal Alliances was a political and diplomatic clique during the Warring States period of Chinese history (476-220 BCE). According to the Book of Han, the school was one of the Nine Schools ...

  3. Multi-level governance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-level_governance

    Multi-level governance. Multi-level (or multilevel) governance is a term used to describe the way power is spread vertically between levels of government and horizontally across multiple quasi-government and non-governmental organizations and actors. [ 1] This situation develops because countries have multiple levels of government including ...

  4. Vertical jump - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_jump

    The device used is known as a vertical jump tester. A vertical jump or vertical leap is the act of jumping upwards into the air. It can be an exercise for building both endurance and strength, and is also a standard test for measuring athletic performance. [ 1] It may also be referred to as a Sargent jump, named for Dudley Allen Sargent .

  5. Geodetic datum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_datum

    A vertical datum is a reference surface for vertical positions, such as the elevations of Earth features including terrain, bathymetry, water level, and human-made structures. An approximate definition of sea level is the datum WGS 84 , an ellipsoid , whereas a more accurate definition is Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008), using at least ...

  6. Vertical integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration

    In microeconomics, management and international political economy, vertical integration, also referred to as vertical consolidation, is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products ...

  7. Horizontal integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

    Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...

  8. Flag of Indonesia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia

    The national flag of Indonesia is a simple bicolor with two horizontal bands, red (top) and white (bottom) with an overall ratio of 2:3. [1] It was introduced and hoisted in public during the proclamation of independence on 17 August 1945 at 56 Proklamasi Street (formerly Pegangsaan Timur Street) in Jakarta, and again when the Dutch formally transferred sovereignty on 27 December 1949.

  9. Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical...

    In the standard language ( 표준어; 標準語) of South Korea, punctuation marks are used differently in horizontal and vertical writing. Western punctuation marks are used in horizontal writing and the Japanese punctuation marks are used in vertical writing. However, vertical writing using Western punctuation marks is sometimes found.