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Definitions of whiteness in the United States. The legal and social strictures that define White Americans, and distinguish them from persons who are not considered white by the government and society, have varied throughout the history of the United States. Race is defined as a social and political category within society based on hierarchy.
Whiteness studies. Whiteness studies is the study of the structures that produce white privilege, [ 1] the examination of what whiteness is when analyzed as a race, a culture, and a source of systemic racism, [ 2] and the exploration of other social phenomena generated by the societal compositions, perceptions and group behaviors of white ...
Whiteness theory is a field under whiteness studies, that studies what white identity means in terms of social, political, racial, economic, culture, etc. [1] Whiteness theory posits that if some Western societies make whiteness central to their respective national and cultural identities, their white populations may become blind to the privilege associated with White identity.
White Americans were commonly viewed as feeling superior to African Americans, harboring hatred for Blacks, being brutish, impulsive, or mean, having a sense of pride, and anti-Semitic beliefs. [11] In another study on stereotypes in 1951, Cothran observed that the black lower and upper classes at that time had the least favorable stereotypes ...
Definition. White privilege is a social phenomenon intertwined with race and racism. [ 1] The American Anthropological Association states that, "The 'racial' worldview was invented to assign some groups to perpetual low status, while others were permitted access to privilege, power, and wealth." [ 19]
White Fragility: Why It's So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism is a 2018 book written by Robin DiAngelo about race relations in the United States.An academic with experience in diversity training, DiAngelo coined the term "white fragility" in 2011 to describe what she views as any defensive instincts or reactions that a white person experiences when questioned about race or made to ...
White backlash, also known as white rage [1] [2] or whitelash, is related to the politics of white grievance, and is the negative response of some white people to the racial progress of other ethnic groups in rights and economic opportunities, as well as their growing cultural parity, political self-determination, or dominance. [citation needed ...
Nationalism. White nationalism is a type of racial nationalism or pan-nationalism which espouses the belief that white people are a race [ 1] and seeks to develop and maintain a white racial and national identity. [ 2][ 3][ 4] Many of its proponents identify with the concept of a white ethnostate. [ 5]