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Racial formation theory is an analytical tool in sociology, developed by Michael Omi and Howard Winant, which is used to look at race as a socially constructed identity, where the content and importance of racial categories are determined by social, economic, and political forces. [ 1] Unlike other traditional race theories, "In [Omi and Winant ...
Whiteness studies. Whiteness studies is the study of the structures that produce white privilege, [ 1] the examination of what whiteness is when analyzed as a race, a culture, and a source of systemic racism, [ 2] and the exploration of other social phenomena generated by the societal compositions, perceptions and group behaviors of white ...
An article by Frederick Douglass that was titled "The Color Line" [ 1] was published in the North American Review in 1881. The phrase gained fame after W. E. B. Du Bois ' repeated use of it in his 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk . The phrase sees current usage as a reference to modern racial discrimination in the United States and legalized ...
Whiteness is a socially constructed concept, identified as the normal and centric racial identity. As whiteness is the standard to which racial minorities are compared, whiteness is understood as the default standard. [ 14] Whiteness theory establishes whiteness as default, through which social, political, and economic complications arise from ...
Definitions of whiteness in the United States. The legal and social strictures that define White Americans, and distinguish them from persons who are not considered white by the government and society, have varied throughout the history of the United States. Race is defined as a social and political category within society based on hierarchy.
White Fragility: Why It's So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism is a 2018 book written by Robin DiAngelo about race relations in the United States.An academic with experience in diversity training, DiAngelo coined the term "white fragility" in 2011 to describe what she views as any defensive instincts or reactions that a white person experiences when questioned about race or made to ...
Status attainment is the process of one attaining one's positions in society, or class. [1] Status attainment is affected by both achieved factors, such as educational attainment, and ascribed factors, such as family income. The theory of status attainment states that one can be mobile, either upwardly or downwardly, in the form of a class ...
White Americans were commonly viewed as feeling superior to African Americans, harboring hatred for Blacks, being brutish, impulsive, or mean, having a sense of pride, and anti-Semitic beliefs. [11] In another study on stereotypes in 1951, Cothran observed that the black lower and upper classes at that time had the least favorable stereotypes ...