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In biology, a reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action [1] and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus. [2] [3] The simplest reflex is initiated by a stimulus, which activates an afferent nerve. The signal is then passed to a response neuron, which generates a response.
Hering–Breuer reflex — is a reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lung; Hoffmann's reflex — also known as the finger flexor reflex; middle finger and thumb response. Test can indicate both neurological damage and nerve regeneration; often combined with the Babinski reflex test. Jaw jerk reflex
However, there is some evidence to suggest that the gain or magnitude of these reflexes can be adjusted by context and experience. [29] Polysynaptic reflexes or long-loop reflexes are reflex arcs which involve more than a single synaptic connection in the spinal cord. These loops may include cortical regions of the brain as well, and are thus ...
Reflex integration is a therapeutic approach designed to identify and integrate persistent primitive reflexes to promote neurological development. Primitive reflexes are automatic movement patterns that emerge during infancy and are typically inhibited by higher brain functions as the nervous system matures.
) reflex. The orienting response is a reaction to novel or significant stimuli. In the 1950s the orienting response was studied systematically by the Russian scientist Evgeny Sokolov , who documented the phenomenon called " habituation ", referring to a gradual "familiarity effect" and reduction of the orienting response with repeated stimulus ...
Mental chronometry is one of the core methodological paradigms of human experimental, cognitive, and differential psychology, but is also commonly analyzed in psychophysiology, cognitive neuroscience, and behavioral neuroscience to help elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying perception, attention, and decision-making in humans and other ...
A reflex arc, then, is the pathway followed by nerves which (a.) carry sensory information from the receptor to the spinal cord, and then (b.) carry the response generated by the spinal cord to effector organs during a reflex action. The pathway taken by the nerve impulse to accomplish a reflex action is called the reflex arc.
Diagram of light and four Purkinje images [1] An eye with Purkinje images. Purkinje images are reflections of objects from the structure of the eye. They are also known as Purkinje reflexes and as Purkinje–Sanson images. At least four Purkinje images are usually visible in the normal eye.