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The presidential system is the most common form of government in the Americas and is also frequently found in Sub-Saharan Africa (along with semi-presidential hybrid systems). By contrast, there are very few presidential republics in Europe (with Cyprus and Turkey being the only examples).
A republican system of government is established and the authority of the King of Spain is completely eliminated. Paraguay: 12 October 1813: Republic proclaimed after independence from Spain on 14 May 1811 Argentina: 9 July 1816: Independence won from the Spanish Empire. Republican governments established from 1811 onwards.
While the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and Finland (from 1919 to 2000) exemplified early semi-presidential systems, the term "semi-presidential" was first introduced in 1959 in an article by the journalist Hubert Beuve-Méry [5] and popularized by a 1978 work written by the political scientist Maurice Duverger. [6]
[citation needed] Federalism has been seen as the answer to solving regional inequality and reducing the economic, social and religious discrimination [citation needed]; the country has transformed into a federal structure as a result. Nepal has become a federal democratic republican state since 28 May 2008 (15th Jestha, 2065 BS).
In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation. [20] For example, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein.
Presidential republic: Republics with an elected head of state, where the head of state is also the head of the government. Examples include the United States, Mexico, Brazil, Nigeria and Indonesia. People's republic: Republics that include countries like China and Vietnam that are de jure governed for and by the people.
A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader, such as a president, rather than by a monarch or any hereditary aristocracy .