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Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom), [3] and formerly mental retardation (in the United States), [4] [5] [6] is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning that is first apparent during childhood.
In current medical diagnosis, IQ scores alone are not conclusive for a finding of intellectual disability. Recently adopted diagnostic standards place the major emphasis on the adaptive behavior of each individual, with IQ score a factor in diagnosis in addition to adaptive behavior scales.
Borderline intellectual functioning, previously called borderline mental retardation (in the ICD-8), [1] is a categorization of intelligence wherein a person has below average cognitive ability (generally an IQ of 70–85), [2] but the deficit is not as severe as intellectual disability (below 70). It is sometimes called below average IQ (BAIQ).
Supreme Court rulings in 2014 and 2017 allowed courts to consider IQ score ranges that are close to 70 along with other evidence of intellectual disability, such as testimony of "adaptive deficits."
This category is for individuals with an intelligence quotient score below 70 on a standardized IQ test. [1] Any article included here should have a verifiable proof for the intellectual impairment in its references (i.e., tested IQ test score or formal diagnosis as having any form of intellectual disability ).
A diagnosis of intellectual disability is in part based on the results of IQ testing. Borderline intellectual functioning is the categorization of individuals of below-average cognitive ability (an IQ of 71–85), although not as low as those with an intellectual disability (70 or below).
IQ Range ("deviation IQ") IQ Classification 145–160 Very gifted or highly advanced 130–144 Gifted or very advanced 120–129 Superior 110–119 High average 90–109 Average 80–89 Low average 70–79 Borderline impaired or delayed 55–69 Mildly impaired or delayed 40–54 Moderately impaired or delayed
[22] [23] Because the average of IQ is 100 and its standard deviation is 15, this rule places the threshold for intellectual disability at IQ = 70, and the symmetrical threshold for giftedness at IQ = 130 (rounded). [24] [25] [26] This arbitrary threshold is used by most psychologists [27] in most countries. [28]