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Clomipramine, sold under the brand name Anafranil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). [7] It is used in the treatment of various conditions, most notably obsessive–compulsive disorder but also many other disorders, including hyperacusis, panic disorder, major depressive disorder, trichotillomania, [8] body dysmorphic disorder [9] [10] [11] and chronic pain. [7]
The TCAs are used primarily in the clinical treatment of mood disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, and treatment-resistant variants. They are also used in the treatment of a number of other medical disorders, including cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) and anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SP) also known as social anxiety ...
Mechanisms of action of major antidepressant classes [189] [193] Class Action(s) Examples Introduced Opioids (mostly no longer used) [194] [195] μ-Opioid receptor agonism: Codeine • Heroin • Morphine • Opium • Tianeptine (1983) 1800s Amphetamine psychostimulants (mostly no longer used) [196] [197] [198] [199]
Other dibenzazepine TCAs include desipramine (N-desmethylimipramine), clomipramine (3-chloroimipramine), trimipramine (2′-methylimipramine or β-methylimipramine), and lofepramine (N-(4-chlorobenzoylmethyl)desipramine). [57] [58] Imipramine is a tertiary amine TCA, with its side chain-demethylated metabolite desipramine being a secondary amine.
Desipramine, sold under the brand name Norpramin among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in the treatment of depression. [8] It acts as a relatively selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, though it does also have other activities such as weak serotonin reuptake inhibitory, α 1-blocking, antihistamine, and anticholinergic effects.
Both loudness hyperacusis and noxacusis have been successfully treated with this drug. A dosage of up to 200–250 mg daily for a sustained period of six to twelve months may be needed to cure hyperacusis. A possible mechanism of action of this drug is that clomipramine reduces reactions of the autonomic nervous system to sounds. [53]
Maprotiline has also more recently been identified as a potent antagonist of the 5-HT 7 receptor, with this action potentially playing an important role in its antidepressant effectiveness. [56] The drug is a strong antihistamine, but unlike most TCAs, has minimal anticholinergic effects. [57]
A serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) is a type of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) by blocking the action of the serotonin transporter (SERT). This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of serotonin and, therefore, an increase in serotonergic ...