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  2. Gamma ray - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray

    An emitted gamma ray from any type of excited state may transfer its energy directly to any electrons, but most probably to one of the K shell electrons of the atom, causing it to be ejected from that atom, in a process generally termed the photoelectric effect (external gamma rays and ultraviolet rays may also cause this effect).

  3. Electromagnetic radiation and health - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation...

    Since 1962, the microwave auditory effect or tinnitus has been shown from radio frequency exposure at levels below significant heating. [34] Studies during the 1960s in Europe and Russia claimed to show effects on humans, especially the nervous system, from low energy RF radiation; the studies were disputed at the time. [35] [36]

  4. Effects of nuclear explosions on human health - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear...

    The exposure to 4.5 Gray of penetrating gamma rays has many effects that occur at different times: In 24 hours: [10] vomiting; diarrhea; These will usually abate after 6–7 days. Within 3–4 weeks there is a period of extreme illness. [10] severe bloody diarrhea, indicating intestinal disorders causing fluid imbalance; extensive internal bleeding

  5. Radiation damage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_damage

    Radiation damage is the effect of ionizing radiation on physical objects including non-living structural materials. It can be either detrimental or beneficial for materials. Radiobiology is the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things, including the health effects of radiation in humans.

  6. Radiation exposure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_exposure

    Dose equivalent calculates the effect of radiation on human tissue. [4] This is done using tissue weighting factor, which takes into account how each tissue in the body has different sensitivity to radiation. [4] The effective dose is the risk of radiation averaged over the entire body. [4] Ionizing radiation is known to cause cancer in humans. [4]

  7. Effects of ionizing radiation in spaceflight - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_ionizing...

    The ionization patterns in molecules, cells, tissues and the resulting biological effects are distinct from typical terrestrial radiation (x-rays and gamma rays, which are low-LET radiation). Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) from outside the Milky Way galaxy consist mostly of highly energetic protons with a small component of HZE ions. [6] Prominent ...

  8. Radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation

    Gamma radiation detected in an isopropanol cloud chamber. Gamma (γ) radiation consists of photons with a wavelength less than 3 × 10 −11 m (greater than 10 19 Hz and 41.4 keV). [4] Gamma radiation emission is a nuclear process that occurs to rid an unstable nucleus of excess energy after most nuclear reactions. Both alpha and beta particles ...

  9. Radiation protection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_protection

    Gamma rays are better absorbed by materials with high atomic numbers and high density, although neither effect is important compared to the total mass per area in the path of the gamma ray. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is ionizing in its shortest wavelengths but is not penetrating, so it can be shielded by thin opaque layers such as sunscreen ...