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Reeding of edges was introduced to prevent coin clipping and counterfeiting. [2] [3] The main techniques of coin edging are edge mills of various types, which put a pattern on a smooth edge, after a coin and coin mills with edge rings, which pattern the edge at the time when the coin is being milled.
Cu-Pattern Halfpenny George III by Jean-Pierre Droz, struck in 1790 at Soho Mint, with raised edge inscription: RENDER TO CESAR THE THINGS WHICH ARE CESARS. Close collar minting is an invention of French medalist and engraver Jean-Pierre Droz (1746–1823). Its prototype of a functional minting machine had a six-part minting ring.
[4] [5] Some gold and silver coins were reeded to discourage clipping, i.e. scraping off the precious metals from the edge of the coin, to maintain its stated value in precious metal. [4] This practice was made more difficult through the implementation of reeding by Isaac Newton in 1698, [6] during his time as warden of the Royal Mint.
A Guide Book of United States Coins by R.S. Yeoman ISBN 0-7948-1790-4; 2005 Blackbook Price Guide to United States Paper Money ISBN 1-4000-4839-7 "Numismatic Terms and Methods" from the American Numismatic Society (archived 19 February 2007) The Complete Illustrated Guide to Coins & Coin Collecting by Dr. James Mackay, ISBN 0-681-45952-2
By 1696 forged coins constituted approximately 10% of the nation's currency. [3] The currency also had a third problem: its value as silver bullion in Paris and Amsterdam was greater than the face value in London, and thus vast quantities of coins were melted and shipped abroad — an arbitrage market.
In accordance with Gresham's law, the clipped and forged coins drove good coins out of circulation, depreciating the currency. [ 1 ] Leonardo da Vinci 's notebooks showed there was a better way [ 2 ] and Donato Bramante , the architect who made the initial plans for St. Peter's Basilica , developed a screw press to make the lead bullae attached ...
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Debasement lowers the intrinsic value of the coinage and so more coins can be made with the same quantity of precious metal. If done too frequently, debasement may lead to a new coin being adopted as a standard currency, as when the Ottoman akçe was replaced by the kuruş (1 kuruş = 120 akçe), with the para (1/40 kuruş) as a subunit.