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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders encompass a range of physical and neurodevelopmental problems which can result from prenatal alcohol exposure. Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms in the person and evidence of alcohol use. [1] These diagnoses of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are currently recognized: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) [1]
Postnatal maternal stress, such as postpartum depression, has an enormous impact on the emotion, mental and behavioural growth of a child, hence can aggravate and intensify the impacts of maternal-foetal stress transfer. Roughly 13% of women experience at least one depressive episode during or directly after pregnancy, thus encouraging the ...
Maternally experienced psychological stress that occurs either prior to or during gestation can have intergenerational effects on offspring. Stress experienced during gestation has been linked with preterm delivery, low birth weight, and increased risk of psychopathology. [6] The new mother may suffer from after-effects too, such as postpartum ...
The most severe form of FASD is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). [56] Problems associated with FASD include abnormal facial development, low birth weight, stunted growth, small head size, delayed or uncoordinated motor skills, hearing or vision problems, learning disabilities, behavior problems, and inappropriate social skills compared to same-age ...
FAS causes growth deficits, morphological abnormalities, intellectual disability, and behavioral difficulties. Among adolescents and adults, those with FAS are more likely to have mental health problems, drop out or be suspended from school, problems with the law, require assisted living as an adult, and problems with maintaining employment. [50]
Alcohol crosses the placental barrier and can stunt fetal growth or weight, create distinctive facial stigmata, damaged neurons and brain structures, and cause other physical, mental, or behavioural problems. [222] Fetal alcohol exposure is the leading known cause of intellectual disability in the Western world. [223]
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a common disorder that can mimic the signs of ASD. [38] Although results from studies are mixed, it is estimated that 2.6% of children with an FASD have an ASD as well, a rate almost two times higher than that reported in the general US population. [39]