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  2. Speed of light - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_Light

    By adopting Einstein synchronization for the clocks, the one-way speed of light becomes equal to the two-way speed of light by definition. [20] [21] The special theory of relativity explores the consequences of this invariance of c with the assumption that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference.

  3. One-way speed of light - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_speed_of_light

    This method synchronizes distant clocks in such a way that the one-way speed of light becomes equal to the two-way speed of light. If a signal sent from A at time t 1 {\displaystyle t_{1}} is arriving at B at time t 2 {\displaystyle t_{2}} and coming back to A at time t 3 {\displaystyle t_{3}} , then the following convention applies:

  4. Hubble's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble's_law

    The Hubble length or Hubble distance is a unit of distance in cosmology, defined as cH −1 — the speed of light multiplied by the Hubble time. It is equivalent to 4,420 million parsecs or 14.4 billion light years. (The numerical value of the Hubble length in light years is, by definition, equal to that of the Hubble time in years.)

  5. Postulates of special relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postulates_of_special...

    1. First postulate (principle of relativity) The laws of physics take the same form in all inertial frames of reference.. 2. Second postulate (invariance of c) . As measured in any inertial frame of reference, light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c that is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body.

  6. List of relativistic equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_relativistic_equations

    In this context, "speed of light" really refers to the speed supremum of information transmission or of the movement of ordinary (nonnegative mass) matter, locally, as in a classical vacuum. Thus, a more accurate description would refer to c 0 {\displaystyle c_{0}} rather than the speed of light per se.

  7. Snell's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law

    Refraction of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with n 2 > n 1.Since the velocity is lower in the second medium (v 2 < v 1), the angle of refraction θ 2 is less than the angle of incidence θ 1; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.

  8. Length contraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction

    An observer at rest observing an object travelling very close to the speed of light would observe the length of the object in the direction of motion as very near zero. Then, at a speed of 13 400 000 m/s (30 million mph, 0.0447 c ) contracted length is 99.9% of the length at rest; at a speed of 42 300 000 m/s (95 million mph, 0.141 c ), the ...

  9. Electromagnetic wave equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave_equation

    is the speed of light (i.e. phase velocity) in a medium with permeability μ, and permittivity ε, and ∇ 2 is the Laplace operator. In a vacuum, v ph = c 0 = 299 792 458 m/s, a fundamental physical constant. [1] The electromagnetic wave equation derives from Maxwell's equations.