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Olfactory stimulation was provided to the subjects with different aromatic air samples with a 5-second rest period, followed by a 20-second olfactory stimulus period. It was concluded that the odor of lemon, traditionally thought to be stimulative, had the effect of activating anticipation or attention process.
Sheep form olfactory recognition memory for their lambs within 2–4 hours of giving birth, which causes the mother to subsequently reject advances from unfamiliar lambs and scents. [21] This bond is thought to be enhanced by olfactory cues that cause enhanced transmission across synapses of the olfactory bulb. [ 21 ]
Glomeruli are important waystations in the pathway from the nose to the olfactory cortex and have been found to be critical for odorant signal transduction. The olfactory receptor neurons (ORN), which originate in the nasal epithelium express only one type of olfactory receptor (OR). These ORNs then project their axons to the olfactory bulb.
Olfactory: Purely sensory Telencephalon: Located in the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Transmits the sense of smell from the nasal cavity. [3] II Optic: Sensory Retinal ganglion cells: Located in the optic canal. Transmits visual signals from the retina of the eye to the brain. [3] III Oculomotor: Mainly motor
The main olfactory bulb's pulses in the amygdala are used to pair odors to names and recognize odor to odor differences. [17] [18] The bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BNST) act as the information pathway between the amygdala and hypothalamus, as well as the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. BNST abnormalities often lead to sexual confusion ...
They are known to play a role in olfactory learning and memory. In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the antennal lobe via projection neurons. [4] They were first identified and described by French biologist Félix Dujardin in 1850. [5] [6]
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Olfactory neurons utilize a feedback system from the levels of Ca 2+ ions to activate its adaptation to prolonged smells. Due to the fact that the olfactory signal transduction uses a second messenger transduction system, the mechanism of adaptation includes several factors that mostly include CaMK or calmodulin bound to Ca 2+ ions.