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The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by , [1] is a fundamental physical constant [1] of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle momentum.
This equation is known as the Planck relation. Additionally, using equation f = c/λ, = where E is the photon's energy; λ is the photon's wavelength; c is the speed of light in vacuum; h is the Planck constant; The photon energy at 1 Hz is equal to 6.626 070 15 × 10 −34 J, which is equal to 4.135 667 697 × 10 −15 eV.
The constants listed here are known values of physical constants expressed in SI units; that is, physical quantities that are generally believed to be universal in nature and thus are independent of the unit system in which they are measured. Many of these are redundant, in the sense that they obey a known relationship with other physical ...
The proportionality constant has become known as the Planck constant. In the range of kinetic energies of the electrons that are removed from their varying atomic bindings by the absorption of a photon of energy h ν {\displaystyle h\nu } , the highest kinetic energy K max {\displaystyle K_{\max }} is K max = h ν − W . {\displaystyle K_{\max ...
In Big Bang cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest stage of the Big Bang, before the time passed was equal to the Planck time, t P, or approximately 10 −43 seconds. [30] There is no currently available physical theory to describe such short times, and it is not clear in what sense the concept of time is meaningful for ...
As such, the fine-structure constant is chiefly a quantity determining (or determined by) the elementary charge: e = √ 4πα ≈ 0.302 822 12 in terms of such a natural unit of charge. In the system of atomic units , which sets e = m e = ħ = 4 πε 0 = 1 , the expression for the fine-structure constant becomes α = 1 c . {\displaystyle ...
The conductance quantum, denoted by the symbol G 0, is the quantized unit of electrical conductance.It is defined by the elementary charge e and Planck constant h as: = = = 7.748 091 729... × 10 −5 S.
where V Hall is the Hall voltage, I channel is the channel current, e is the elementary charge and h is the Planck constant. The divisor ν can take on either integer ( ν = 1, 2, 3,... ) or fractional ( ν = 1 / 3 , 2 / 5 , 3 / 7 , 2 / 3 , 3 / 5 , 1 / 5 , 2 / 9 , 3 / 13 , 5 / ...