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The opposite of reductionism is holism, a word coined by Jan Smuts in Holism and Evolution, that understanding a system can be done only as a whole.One form of antireductionism (epistemological) holds that we simply are not capable of understanding systems at the level of their most basic constituents, and so the program of reductionism must fail.
The one-substitution test replaces the test string with the indefinite pronoun one or ones. [9] If the result is acceptable, then the test string is deemed a constituent. Since one is a type of pronoun, one-substitution is only of value when probing the structure of noun phrases. In this regard, the test sentence from above is expanded in order ...
Extraposition is a mechanism of syntax that alters word order in such a manner that a relatively "heavy" constituent appears to the right of its canonical position. [1] Extraposing a constituent results in a discontinuity and in this regard, it is unlike shifting , which does not generate a discontinuity.
Rather rarely are two given essays completely irreconcilable; to give the examples of HEY and TNT, one can recognize that an article can have more potential than its current state while recognizing that some articles are in such a state that it's better to start over.
An antithesis must always contain two ideas within one statement. The ideas may not be structurally opposite, but they serve to be functionally opposite when comparing two ideas for emphasis. [4] According to Aristotle, the use of an antithesis makes the audience better understand the point the speaker is trying to make. Further explained, the ...
Assuming that the a-sentences represent canonical word order, the b-sentences contain instances of topicalization. The constituent in bold is fronted to establish it as topic. The first two examples, which use topicalized adjuncts, are typical, but the last two examples with topicalized object arguments are comparatively rare.
Opposition is a semantic relation in which one word has a sense or meaning that negates or, in terms of a scale, is distant from a related word. Some words lack a lexical opposite due to an accidental gap in the language's lexicon. For instance, while the word "devout" has no direct opposite, it is easy to conceptualize a scale of devoutness ...
The constituent is defined in a theory-neutral manner: Constituent A given word/node plus all the words/nodes that that word/node dominates. This definition is neutral with respect to the dependency vs. constituency distinction. It allows one to compare the ICA across the two types of structure.