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Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disorder characterized by an abnormal accumulation of surfactant-derived lipoprotein compounds within the alveoli of the lung. The accumulated substances interfere with the normal gas exchange and expansion of the lungs, ultimately leading to difficulty breathing and a predisposition to ...
Exposure to cigarette contents leads to abnormal ferritin metabolism and increased TFR1 activity. Cigarettes contain a small amount of iron, but cumulatively a larger quantity in daily smoking. [13] The increasing iron exposure in the lung and airway affects both respiratory and systemic iron homeostasis by modifying cellular response. Although ...
PAP: Papanicolaou stain positive airway pressure pulmonary artery pressure (see pulmonary hypertension) [1] pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: Pap: Papanicolaou test (pap smear) PAPP-A: pregnancy-associated plasma protein A PAPVR: partial anomalous pulmonary venous return: PARA I: indicating a woman with one child (partus = birth) [1] PARA II
smoking. living with a weakened immune system. having an HPV infection. A person should discuss their risk factors with a healthcare professional to determine whether annual PAP smears may be ...
Whether or not smoking affects your insurance rates depends on the level of your exposure. Secondhand smoke exposure can be detected using a cotinine test, so it’s possible — although rare ...
Smoking most commonly leads to diseases affecting the heart and lungs and will commonly affect areas such as hands or feet. First signs of smoking-related health issues often show up as numbness in the extremities, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and cancer, particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and ...
The LD 50 of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 0.5–1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 0.1 mg/kg for children. [19] [20] However the widely used human LD 50 estimate of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg was questioned in a 2013 review, in light of several documented cases of humans surviving much higher doses; the 2013 review suggests that the lower limit causing fatal ...
The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [3]