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This trait is shared by indium, cadmium, zinc, and mercury in its solid state. Tin melts at about 232 °C (450 °F), the lowest in group 14, and boils at 2,602 °C (4,716 °F), the second lowest (ahead of lead) in its group. The melting point is further lowered to 177.3 °C (351.1 °F) for 11 nm particles. [12] [13]
Tin(IV) oxide, also known as stannic oxide, is the inorganic compound with the formula SnO 2. The mineral form of SnO 2 is called cassiterite, and this is the main ore of tin. [9] With many other names, this oxide of tin is an important material in tin chemistry. It is a colourless, diamagnetic, amphoteric solid.
The solid state structure is related to that of SnCl 2 and PbCl 2 and the tin atoms have five near bromine atom neighbours in an approximately trigonal bipyramidal configuration. [6] Two polymorphs exist: a room-temperature orthorhombic polymorph, and a high-temperature hexagonal polymorph.
A solid solution, a term popularly used for metals, is a homogeneous mixture of two compounds in solid state and having a single crystal structure. [1] Many examples can be found in metallurgy , geology , and solid-state chemistry .
Tin(II) oxide burning. Blue-black SnO can be produced by heating the tin(II) oxide hydrate, SnO·xH 2 O (x<1) precipitated when a tin(II) salt is reacted with an alkali hydroxide such as NaOH. [4] Metastable, red SnO can be prepared by gentle heating of the precipitate produced by the action of aqueous ammonia on a tin(II) salt. [4]
Simple illustration of particles in the solid state – they are closely packed to each other. In a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The forces between particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a ...
Tin(II) chloride, also known as stannous chloride, is a white crystalline solid with the formula Sn Cl 2. It forms a stable dihydrate, but aqueous solutions tend to undergo hydrolysis, particularly if hot. SnCl 2 is widely used as a reducing agent (in acid solution), and in electrolytic baths for tin-plating.
Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials.It therefore has a strong overlap with solid-state physics, mineralogy, crystallography, ceramics, metallurgy, thermodynamics, materials science and electronics with a focus on the synthesis of novel materials and their characterization.