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For example, if an hypothetical fire department used a 100-pound test, that policy might disproportionately exclude female job applicants from employment. Under the 80% rule mentioned above, unsuccessful female job applicants would have a prima facie case of disparate impact "discrimination" against the department if they passed the 100-pound ...
Institutionalized discrimination also exists in institutions aside from the government such as religion, education, and marriage among many other. Routines that encourage the selection of one individual over another, for instance in an employment situation, is a form of institutionalized discrimination. The phenomenon occurs unintentionally at ...
(1) The plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of discrimination. (2) The employer must then articulate, through admissible evidence, a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions. (3) To prevail, the plaintiff must prove that the employer's stated reason is a pretext to hide discrimination.
For example, a case filed in October against the City of Durham (North Carolina), alleged "unintentional" discrimination against Black applicants because they did not pass the written test with a ...
Microaggression is a term used for commonplace verbal, behavioral or environmental slights, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative attitudes toward members of marginalized groups. [1]
The Securities and Exchange Commission, for example, has long been responsible for protecting investors, big and small, from fraud. ... in the name of preventing disparate impact or unintentional ...
Covert racism is a form of racial discrimination that is disguised and subtle, rather than public or obvious. Concealed in the fabric of society, covert racism discriminates against individuals through often evasive or seemingly passive methods. [1]
Moreover, lack of informal networking from male colleagues, visualizing women in the female dominated jobs and lack of encouragement do affect the economic outcomes for women. They are subject to unintentional institutional discrimination, which alters their productivity, promotion, and earnings negatively. [2]