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The lead-acid battery is a type of rechargeable battery first invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté. It is the first type of rechargeable battery ever created. Compared to modern rechargeable batteries, lead-acid batteries have relatively low energy density. Despite this, they are able to supply high surge currents.
Lead reacts with the acid by taking in two electrons, leaving it negative while also producing lead sulfate. The two chemical processes continue as long as an external circuit is available to allow the electrons to flow back into the positive plates, but reaches equilibrium quickly when the battery is disconnected from the circuit.
Example charging graph. On the left: per-cell quantities. On the right: example values for a 40 Ah, 6-cell (12 V) battery. Note: schematic illustration; not based on actual measurements. IUoU is a DIN-designation [1] (DIN 41773) for a lead-acid battery charging procedure that is also known as 3-stage charging, 3-phase charging, or 3-step charging.
A typical 12 V, 40 Ah lead-acid car battery. An automotive battery, or car battery, is a rechargeable battery that is used to start a motor vehicle.. Its main purpose is to provide an electric current to the electric-powered starting motor, which in turn starts the chemically-powered internal combustion engine that actually propels the vehicle.
A 12V VRLA battery, with gel technology inside for deep-cycle application. A valve regulated lead‐acid (VRLA) battery, commonly known as a sealed lead-acid (SLA) battery, [1] is a type of lead-acid battery characterized by a limited amount of electrolyte ("starved" electrolyte) absorbed in a plate separator or formed into a gel, proportioning of the negative and positive plates so that ...
For lead–acid batteries under no-load float charging (such as in SLI batteries), trickle charging happens naturally at the end-of-charge, when the lead–acid battery internal resistance to the charging current increases enough to reduce additional charging current to a trickle, hence the name. In such cases, the trickle charging equals the ...
The main benefit of the lead–acid battery is its low cost; its main drawbacks are large size and weight for a given capacity and voltage. Lead–acid batteries should never be discharged to below 20% of their capacity, [67] because internal resistance will cause heat and damage when they are recharged. Deep-cycle lead–acid systems often use ...
Research conducted by independent laboratories, such as the United States's Sandia National Laboratories, [1] the Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC), [2] the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) [3] and commercial tests by East Penn Manufacturing, Furukawa Battery and Ecoult indicate that in comparison with conventional valve regulated lead acid (VRLA ...