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Traditionally, Assistant Professor has been the usual entry-level rank for faculty on the "tenure track", although this depends on the institution and the field.Then, promotion to the rank of Associate Professor and later Professor (informally, "Full Professor") indicates that significant work has been done in research, teaching and institutional service.
The ascending ranks of teachers are lecturer, assistant professor, associate professor and professor. University lecturers are normally required to hold a master's degree. After obtaining a PhD, the appointment starts with assistant professor, then gradually associate professor and professor depending on research/teaching experience.
The higher education regulatory body of India, University Grants Commission, defines academic staff as teachers, librarians, and physical education personnel. [2] [3] In countries like the Philippines, faculty is used more broadly to refer to teaching staff of either a basic or higher education institution.
The term "professors" in the United States refers to a group of educators at the college and university level.In the United States, while "Professor" as a proper noun (with a capital "P") generally implies a position title officially bestowed by a university or college to faculty members with a PhD or the highest level terminal degree in a non-academic field (e.g., MFA, MLIS), [citation needed ...
Academic staff whose responsibilities encompass both research and teaching: Professor; Reader (or principal lecturer in some post-1992 institutions [6]) Senior lecturer (not all universities have this title [7]) Lecturer or clinical lecturer: this is largely equivalent to an 'Assistant Professor' rank at a US university
A related concept—at least in professional fields—is the clinical professor or professor of practice, which in addition to a teaching focus (vs. research), also tend to have a practical/professional/skills oriented focus (vs. theory and scholarship, etc.).
Teaching professor: A faculty member whose primary responsibilities are teaching and service rather than research. Historically these positions were called Lecturer and Senior Lecturer (see below). Recently some institutions rebranded such positions as "professor of teaching" or "teaching stream, assistant (or associate) professor". [2]
They limit the number of years that any employee can remain employed as a non-tenured instructor or professor, compelling the institution to grant tenure to or terminate an individual, with significant advance notice, at the end of a specified time period. Some institutions require promotion to Associate Professor as a condition of tenure.