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  2. Le Chatelier's principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Chatelier's_principle

    Le Chatelier–Braun principle analyzes the qualitative behaviour of a thermodynamic system when a particular one of its externally controlled state variables, say , changes by an amount , the 'driving change', causing a change , the 'response of prime interest', in its conjugate state variable , all other externally controlled state variables remaining constant.

  3. Thermal equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium

    It is then in internal thermal equilibrium and even in thermodynamic equilibrium. This means that all local parts of the system are in mutual radiative exchange equilibrium. This means that the temperature of the system is spatially uniform. [8] This is so in all cases, including those of non-uniform external force fields.

  4. Water–gas shift reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water–gas_shift_reaction

    Temperature dependence of the free molar (Gibbs) enthalpy and equilibrium constant of the water-gas shift reaction. With increasing temperature, the reaction rate increases, but hydrogen production becomes less favorable thermodynamically [5] since the water gas shift reaction is moderately exothermic; this shift in chemical equilibrium can be ...

  5. Critical point (thermodynamics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_point...

    The commonly known phases solid, liquid and vapor are separated by phase boundaries, i.e. pressure–temperature combinations where two phases can coexist. At the triple point, all three phases can coexist. However, the liquid–vapor boundary terminates in an endpoint at some critical temperature T c and critical pressure p c. This is the ...

  6. Van 't Hoff equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_'t_Hoff_equation

    where ln denotes the natural logarithm, is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and R is the ideal gas constant.This equation is exact at any one temperature and all pressures, derived from the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction be stationary in a state of chemical equilibrium.

  7. Phase transition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition

    A disorder-broadened first-order transition occurs over a finite range of temperatures where the fraction of the low-temperature equilibrium phase grows from zero to one (100%) as the temperature is lowered. This continuous variation of the coexisting fractions with temperature raised interesting possibilities.

  8. Equilibrium thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_thermodynamics

    An equilibrium state is mathematically ascertained by seeking the extrema of a thermodynamic potential function, whose nature depends on the constraints imposed on the system. For example, a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure will reach equilibrium at a minimum of its components' Gibbs free energy and a maximum of their entropy.

  9. Thermodynamic equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium

    Local thermodynamic equilibrium does not require either local or global stationarity. In other words, each small locality need not have a constant temperature. However, it does require that each small locality change slowly enough to practically sustain its local Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities.