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  2. Van 't Hoff equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_'t_Hoff_equation

    The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, K eq, of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, Δ r H ⊖, for the process. The subscript r {\displaystyle r} means "reaction" and the superscript ⊖ {\displaystyle \ominus } means "standard".

  3. Equilibrium constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_constant

    The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction ... with the same chemical formula, ... effect of temperature on equilibrium constant is equivalent to the effect of ...

  4. Gibbs–Helmholtz equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs–Helmholtz_equation

    where H is the enthalpy, T the absolute temperature and G the Gibbs free energy of the system, all at constant pressure p. The equation states that the change in the G/T ratio at constant pressure as a result of an infinitesimally small change in temperature is a factor H/T 2. Similar equations include [6]

  5. Arrhenius equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_equation

    In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and ...

  6. Thermodynamic equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium

    For a closed system at controlled constant temperature and pressure without an applied voltage, G is minimum at thermodynamic equilibrium. The various types of equilibriums are achieved as follows: Two systems are in thermal equilibrium when their temperatures are the same. Two systems are in mechanical equilibrium when their pressures are the ...

  7. Transition state theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_state_theory

    In 1884, Jacobus van 't Hoff proposed the Van 't Hoff equation describing the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant for a reversible reaction: ⁡ = where ΔU is the change in internal energy, K is the equilibrium constant of the reaction, R is the universal gas constant, and T is thermodynamic temperature.

  8. Chemical equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium

    When pure substances (liquids or solids) are involved in equilibria their activities do not appear in the equilibrium constant [14] because their numerical values are considered one. Applying the general formula for an equilibrium constant to the specific case of a dilute solution of acetic acid in water one obtains CH 3 CO 2 H + H 2 O ⇌ CH 3 ...

  9. Equilibrium thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_thermodynamics

    An equilibrium state is mathematically ascertained by seeking the extrema of a thermodynamic potential function, whose nature depends on the constraints imposed on the system. For example, a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure will reach equilibrium at a minimum of its components' Gibbs free energy and a maximum of their entropy.