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  2. Sociology of punishment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment

    The sociology of punishment seeks to understand why and how we punish. Punishment involves the intentional infliction of pain and/or the deprivation of rights and liberties. . Sociologists of punishment usually examine state-sanctioned acts in relation to law-breaking; for instance, why citizens give consent to the legitimation of acts of viole

  3. Social control theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_control_theory

    Another early form of the theory was proposed by Reiss (1951) [3] who defined delinquency as, "...behavior consequent to the failure of personal and social controls." ." Personal control was defined as, "...the ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community" while social control was, "...the ability of social groups or ...

  4. Critical criminology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_criminology

    Critical criminologists assert that how crime is defined is socially and historically contingent, that is, what constitutes a crime varies in different social situations and different periods of history. The conclusion that critical criminological theorists draw from this is that crime is socially constructed by the state and those in power. [8]

  5. Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitentiaries...

    The answer lies within a complex web of social and economic factors. [6] One view, from Émile Durkheim, emphasizes how punishment reflects a society's moral values, especially religious ideas. Another perspective, from Marxists, focuses on how punishment is tied to the market economy and to ideas about social class.

  6. Sociological theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_theory

    A sociological theory is a supposition that intends to consider, analyze, and/or explain objects of social reality from a sociological perspective, [1]: 14 drawing connections between individual concepts in order to organize and substantiate sociological knowledge.

  7. David W. Garland - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._Garland

    Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences, London, Sage Publications (2001) A Reader on Punishment, Oxford University Press (1994) (Co-edited with A. Duff) Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory, Oxford University Press (1990) Punishment and Welfare: A History of Penal Strategies, Gower (1985)

  8. Raffaele Garofalo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Garofalo

    Crime is an immoral act that is injurious to society. This was more of a psychological orientation than Lombroso's physical-type anthropology. Garofalo's law of adaptation followed the biological principle of Charles Darwin in terms of adaptation and the elimination of those unable to adapt in a kind of social natural selection. Consequently ...

  9. The Roots of Evil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots_of_Evil

    The Roots of Evil: A Social History of Crime and Punishment is a book written by Christopher Hibbert in 1963 which traces the development of the social justice system, mostly from an English perspective, though information about the continent and the United States is also included.