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The history of money is the development over time of systems for the exchange, storage, and measurement of wealth. Money is a means of fulfilling these functions indirectly and in general rather than directly, as with barter. Money may take a physical form as in coins and notes, or may exist as a written or electronic account.
The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World is a 2008 book by then-Harvard professor Niall Ferguson, [1] and an adapted television documentary for Channel 4 (UK) and PBS (US), [2] which in 2009 won an International Emmy Award. It examines the long history of money, credit, and banking.
Coin World Glossary (7 April 2007) Dictionary.com; A Guide Book of United States Coins by R.S. Yeoman ISBN 0-7948-1790-4; 2005 Blackbook Price Guide to United States Paper Money ISBN 1-4000-4839-7 "Numismatic Terms and Methods" from the American Numismatic Society (archived 19 February 2007)
Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals and related objects.. Specialists, known as numismatists, are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, but the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other means of payment used to resolve debts and exchange goods.
Instruments of monetary policy have included short-term interest rates and bank reserves through the monetary base. [1]With the creation of the Bank of England in 1694, which acquired the responsibility to print notes and back them with gold, the idea of monetary policy as independent of executive action began to be established. [2]
The alternative to a commodity money system is fiat money which is defined by a central bank and government law as legal tender even if it has no intrinsic value. Originally fiat money was paper currency or base metal coinage, but in modern economies it mainly exists as data such as bank balances and records of credit or debit card purchases, [3] and the fraction that exists as notes and coins ...
A Short History of Paper Money and Banking in the United States (1833) The curse of paper-money and banking; or A short history of banking in the United States of America, with an account of its ruinous effects. (1833) An inquiry into the expediency of dispensing with bank agency and bank paper in fiscal concerns of the United States. (1837)
A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 is a book written in 1963 by future Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz.It uses historical time series and economic analysis to argue the then-novel proposition that changes in the money supply profoundly influenced the United States economy, especially the behavior of economic fluctuations.