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Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants. Originally, it included plant morphology , the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, but since the mid-20th century, plant anatomy has been considered a separate field referring only to internal plant structure.
A textbook of general botany is a botany book first published in 1924 by Gilbert M. Smith (1885 – 1959), James B. Overton , Edward M. Gilbert, Rollin H. Denniston, George S. Bryan and Charles E. Allen. The textbook gives a broad introduction to the various elements and concepts of general botany.
Anatomy of a flower. A flower's anatomy, as defined by the presence of a series of organs (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels) positioned according to a given pattern, facilitate sexual reproduction in flowering plants. The flower arises from the activity of three classes of genes, which regulate floral development: [8]
Plant anatomy is that field in botany that needs to cut into plants to be able to study its subject, as opposed to "plant morphology" (see category:Plant morphology) that can study its subject without resorting to a knife.
Flora and other plant catalogs or databases. The Virtual Library of Botany; High quality pictures of plants and information about them from Catholic University of Leuven; Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1790–1856; The Trees Of Great Britain and Ireland, by Henry John Elwes & Augustine Henry, 1906–1913; Botanik-Datenbank (ger.) Plant Directory ...
A germination rate experiment. Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. [1]Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed ...
In other vascular plants, the torus is rare. The pit membrane is separated into two parts: a thick impermeable torus at the center of the pit membrane, and the permeable margo surrounding it. The torus regulates the functions of the bordered pit, and the margo is a cell wall-derived porous membrane that supports the torus.
The electron microscope (second half of the 20th century) made it possible to classify life into five or six kingdoms, three of which relate to botany (fungi, plants, chromista). Adolf Engler's plant classification system outlined in Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (1892) was later modified by the Cronquist system (1968).