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The local nobility who ran the country opened the University of Göttingen in 1737; it soon became a world-class intellectual center. Baden sported perhaps the best government of the smaller states. Karl Friedrich ruled for 73 years and was an enthusiast for the Enlightenment; he abolished serfdom in 1783. [231]
The territorial evolution of Germany in this article include all changes in the modern territory of Germany from its unification making it a country on 1 January 1871 to the present although the history of "Germany" as a territorial polity concept and the history of the ethnic Germans are much longer and much more complex.
It remained the official flag of the country (necessary for reasons of international law) until East Germany and West Germany (see below) were independently established in 1949. The United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union had agreed at Potsdam to a broad program of decentralization, treating Germany as a single economic unit ...
German reunification: Five East German states acceded to West Germany. Berlin became the capital of Germany. 1992: 7 February: The Maastricht Treaty establishing the European Union (EU) was signed by twelve European countries including Germany. 1993: 14 May: Alliance '90/The Greens was established from the merger of Alliance 90 and the Green ...
In addition, the country was to be renamed "German Reich". This became effective on 1 January 1871 with a new constitution . As a day for the imperial proclamation to take place, 18 January was chosen, to coincide with the royal coronation of Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg's coronation as Frederick I of Prussia in 1701, founding the ...
Germany became the dominant economic power on the continent and was the second-largest exporting nation after Britain. [ 55 ] Technological progress during German industrialisation occurred in four waves: the railway wave (1877–1886), the dye wave (1887–1896), the chemical wave (1897–1902), and the wave of electrical engineering (1903 ...
In Germany between the two world wars, inflation rose to such a point in the early '20s that a loaf of bread cost a million or more marks. Cities and townships printed their own money in a ...
The period of Austrian and Prussian police-states and vast censorship between the Congress of Vienna and the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany later became widely known as the Vormärz ("before March"), referring to March 1848. During this period, European liberalism gained momentum; the agenda included economic, social, and political issues.