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  2. Coplanarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coplanarity

    In geometry, a set of points in space are coplanar if there exists a geometric plane that contains them all. For example, three points are always coplanar, and if the points are distinct and non-collinear, the plane they determine is unique. However, a set of four or more distinct points will, in general, not lie in a single plane.

  3. Johnson solid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_solid

    A Johnson solid is a convex polyhedron whose faces are all regular polygons. [2] Here, a polyhedron is said to be convex if the shortest path between any two of its vertices lies either within its interior or on its boundary, none of its faces are coplanar (meaning they do not share the same plane, and do not "lie flat"), and none of its edges are colinear (meaning they are not segments of the ...

  4. Parallel (geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)

    Since these are equivalent properties, any one of them could be taken as the definition of parallel lines in Euclidean space, but the first and third properties involve measurement, and so, are "more complicated" than the second. Thus, the second property is the one usually chosen as the defining property of parallel lines in Euclidean geometry ...

  5. Specular reflection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specular_reflection

    A classic example of specular reflection is a mirror, which is specifically designed for specular reflection. In addition to visible light , specular reflection can be observed in the ionospheric reflection of radiowaves and the reflection of radio- or microwave radar signals by flying objects.

  6. Three-body problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-body_problem

    In physics, specifically classical mechanics, the three-body problem is to take the initial positions and velocities (or momenta) of three point masses that orbit each other in space and calculate their subsequent trajectories using Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation.

  7. Coplanar waveguide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coplanar_waveguide

    Coplanar waveguides play an important role in the field of solid state quantum computing, e.g. for the coupling of microwave photons to a superconducting qubit.In particular the research field of circuit quantum electrodynamics was initiated with coplanar waveguide resonators as crucial elements that allow for high field strength and thus strong coupling to a superconducting qubit by confining ...

  8. Laplace plane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_plane

    The axis of this Laplace plane is coplanar with, and between, (a) the polar axis of the parent planet's spin, and (b) the orbital axis of the parent planet's orbit around the Sun. [2] The Laplace plane arises because the equatorial oblateness of the parent planet tends to cause the orbit of the satellite to precess around the polar axis of the parent planet's equatorial plane, while the solar ...

  9. Covariance and contravariance of vectors - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contra...

    (For example, for a position vector of length meters, if all Cartesian basis vectors are changed from meters in length to meters in length, the length of the position vector remains unchanged at meters, although the vector components will all increase by a factor of ). The scalar product of a vector and a covector is invariant, because one has ...