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Most of the world's supply of velvet antler comes from Sika deer, red deer and elk or wapiti, including a large deer ranching industry in New Zealand. New Zealand is the world's largest producer of velvet, producing 450–500 tons of red deer velvet antler annually. [1] China produces 400 tons of predominantly Sika deer velvet antler annually.
An antler on a red deer stag. Velvet covers a growing antler, providing blood flow that supplies oxygen and nutrients. Each antler grows from an attachment point on the skull called a pedicle. While an antler is growing, it is covered with highly vascular skin called velvet, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone. [6]
The effects of deer antler velvet extract or powder supplementation on aerobic power, erythropoiesis, and muscular strength and endurance characteristics. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2003;13(3):251-265.
While an antler is growing it is covered with highly vascular skin called velvet, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone. [62] Antlers are considered one of the most exaggerated cases of male secondary sexual traits in the animal kingdom, [ 63 ] and grow faster than any other mammal bone. [ 64 ]
Like any museum objects, the handling of bone, antler, and horn should be conducted in a manner conducive to maintaining the health of the object. While these objects may be handled with clean, dry hands, body oils can stain their surface due to the porosity of these materials. This is especially noticeable on light-colored antler, horn, and bone.
The definitive host is the white-tailed deer, in which it normally has no ill effects. Snails and slugs, the intermediate hosts, can be inadvertently consumed by elk during grazing. [ 65 ] The liver fluke Fascioloides magna and the nematode Dictyocaulus viviparus are also commonly found parasites that can be fatal to elk.
Oil of hartshorn is a crude chemical product obtained from the destructive distillation of deer antlers. Salt of hartshorn refers to ammonium carbonate, an early form of smelling salts and baking powder obtained by dry distillation of oil of hartshorn. Spirit of hartshorn (or spirits of hartshorn) is an archaic name for aqueous ammonia ...
Deer-antler wine, known as Lurongjiu, is also said to enhance sexual potency in men and to have a warming effect, aiding the joints. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] A deer's penis, turtle's penis, or bull's penis is consumed in restaurants and is known in Singapore to be offered as a soup delicacy.
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