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The current qualification also has a more practical orientation. The written examination, which previously consisted of a number of essay questions, now uses pieces of data (such as samples of students’ work, authentic texts and published ELT materials) for analysis, comment and evaluation.
Portfolio assessment is viewed as being even more valid than timed essay tests because it focuses on multiple samples of student writing that have been composed in the authentic context of the classroom. Portfolios enable assessors to examine multiple samples of student writing and multiple drafts of a single essay. [5]
IELTS Academic and General Training both incorporate the following features: IELTS tests the ability to listen, read, write and speak in English. The speaking module is a key component of IELTS. It is conducted in the form of a one-to-one interview with an examiner which can occur face to face or even through a video conference.
Reflective writing facilitates a deeper understanding of students' awareness of their writing processes and serves as a valuable tool for studying this knowledge across diverse student populations. It also encourages students to analyze their learning experiences and think about the reasoning behind their choices in various projects.
Anthropological survey paper from 1961 by Juhan Aul from University of Tartu who measured about 50 000 people. In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints.
Literature Circles in EFL are teacher accompanied classroom discussion groups among English as a foreign language learners, who regularly get together in class to speak about and share their ideas, and comment on others' interpretations about the previously determined section of a graded reader in English, using their 'role-sheets' and 'student journals' in collaboration with each other.
Based on the purely academic study of Latin, students of modern languages did much of the same exercises, studying grammatical rules and translating abstract sentences. Oral work was minimal, and students were instead required to memorize grammatical rules and apply these to decode written texts in the target language.
In a study with a post-graduate student learning English fluent in Arabic and French, researchers found an emphasis placed on the writer's intercultural awareness through their identity and background while code-switching in the writing, attempting to form a connections with the reader with this form of textualization. [18]