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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
Smoking most commonly leads to diseases affecting the heart and lungs and will commonly affect areas such as hands or feet. First signs of smoking-related health issues often show up as numbness in the extremities, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and cancer, particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and ...
The report's conclusions were almost entirely focused on the negative health effects of cigarette smoking. It found: cigarette smokers had a seventy percent increase in age-corrected mortality rate; cigarette smoke was the primary cause of chronic bronchitis; a correlation between smoking, emphysema, and heart disease. In addition, it reported:
Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. [93] [80] Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%. [87] [94] Nicotine crosses the placenta and accumulates within fetal tissues.
"In 2008, smoking prevalence was higher among men (23%) than women (18.3%)"; [35] however that gender gap appears to be narrowing. Prior to recent increasing smoking rates, women usually experienced different effects of smoking compared to men. For instance, a decrease in lifetime expectancy is greater for female smokers compared to male smokers.
Tobacco smoking during pregnancy can cause a wide range of behavioral, neurological, and physical difficulties. [112] Smoking during pregnancy causes twice the risk of premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and placenta previa. [113] Smoking is associated with 30% higher odds of preterm birth. [114]
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One of the most prominent and well studied epigenetic consequences of cigarette smoke is altered DNA methylation. Cigarette smoke acts through a number of mechanisms to effect this, chief among these being smoke-induced damage to the DNA and altered expression levels of proteins involved in DNA methylation and transcriptional regulation.