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Freehand lettering is done without the assistance of tools. To regulate lettering height, commonly 3 mm (1 ⁄ 8-in), guidelines are drawn.Mechanical lettering is done using tools such as lettering guides, templates, or using a small mechanical pantograph referred to by the Keuffel and Esser trademark "Leroy"
Initially, paper was ruled by hand, sometimes using templates. [1] Scribes could rule their paper using a "hard point," a sharp implement which left embossed lines on the paper without any ink or color, [2] or could use "metal point," an implement which left colored marks on the paper, much like a graphite pencil, though various other metals were used.
The calculator described above was called "Model No. 1" . [6] Model 2 had scales on the inner cylinder for calculating logs and sines.The "Fuller-Bakewell" model 3 had two scales of angles printed on the inner cylinder to calculate cosine² and sine ⋅ cosine [note 1] for use by engineers and surveyors for tacheometry calculations.
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... 8x4 by aligning the bottom ruler to start where the top ruler is 8, ... 5×3 / 2 would be computed as ...
Rulers may also be used as a support for separate special rulers and letter templates. The rules are replaceable and they can be for example scale-rules. Drawing apparatus has evolved from a drawing board mounted parallel ruler and a pantograph , which is a device used for copying objects in an adjustable ratio of sizes.
A ruler with two linear scales: the metric and imperial.It includes shorter minor graduations and longer major graduations. A graduation is a marking used to indicate points on a visual scale, which can be present on a container, a measuring device, or the axes of a line plot, usually one of many along a line or curve, each in the form of short line segments perpendicular to the line or curve.
Genaille–Lucas rulers (also known as Genaille's rods) are an arithmetic tool invented by Henri Genaille, a French railway engineer, in 1891. The device is a variant of Napier's bones . By representing the carry graphically, the user can read off the results of simple multiplication problems directly, with no intermediate mental calculations .
Microsoft Word, for instance, suggests every even size between 8 and 28 points and, additionally, 9, 11, 36, 48 and 72 points (the font sizes 36, 48 and 72 equal 3, 4 and 6 picas respectively). While most software nowadays defaults to DTP points, many allow specifying font size in other units of measure (e.g., inches, millimeters, pixels ...