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The advent of poetry helped transition Pashto to the modern period. Pashto literature gained significant prominence in the 20th century, with poetry by Ameer Hamza Shinwari who developed Pashto Ghazals. [291] In 1919, during the expanding of mass media, Mahmud Tarzi published Seraj-al-Akhbar, which became the first Pashto newspaper in Afghanistan.
Most of the Pashtun region east of the Durand Line was annexed by the British in the twentieth century, and formed the North-West Frontier. The Pashtun tribal agencies along the Durand Line, further west from the North-West Frontier, formed a buffer zone between Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of British India. Following the end of the ...
Between the 1910s and the 1940s, many ethnic Pashtun herders settled in Afghan Turkestan. [1] From the 1930s to the 1970s, after the ethnically Tajik Habibullāh Kalakāni attempted and failed to seize power in Afghanistan during the 1928–1929 civil war, ethnic Uzbeks and ethnic Tajiks lost hundreds of thousands of acres of pasture and cultivated land in northern Afghanistan. [1]
Ancestors of many of today's Turkic-speaking Afghans settled in the Hindu Kush area and began to assimilate much of the culture and language of the Pashtun tribes already present there. [97] Among these were the Khalaj people which are known today as Ghilzai .
Pashtunistan (Pashto: پښتونستان, lit. 'land of the Pashtuns') [4] or Pakhtunistan is a historical region on the crossroads of Central and South Asia, located on the Iranian Plateau, inhabited by the Pashtun people of southern and eastern Afghanistan [5] and northwestern Pakistan, [6] [7] wherein Pashtun culture, the Pashto language, and identity have been based.
According to some books written on the history of the Pashtuns, it is either unclear or controversial. [7] The Karlani confederacy Ormur Baraki, who became the progenitor of the Karlani. [8]: 33 There are several levels of the Pashtun tribal organization. The "tribe" is subdivided into kinship groups, each of which is a khel and zai.
Pashtunization (Pashto: پښتون جوړونه, Dari: پشتونسازی), [1] [2] [3] is a process of cultural or linguistic change in which someone or something non-Pashtun becomes acculturated to Pashtun influence.
An ethnic Pashtun like the rest of his family and Durrani rulers, Zaman Shah became the third King of Afghanistan. Shuja Shah Durrani (also known as Shāh Shujāʻ , Shah Shujah , Shoja Shah , Shujah al-Mulk ) (c. 4 November 1785 – 5 April 1842) was ruler of the Durrani Empire from 1803 to 1809.