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Most of the Pashtun region east of the Durand Line was annexed by the British in the twentieth century, and formed the North-West Frontier. The Pashtun tribal agencies along the Durand Line, further west from the North-West Frontier, formed a buffer zone between Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of British India. Following the end of the ...
The advent of poetry helped transition Pashto to the modern period. Pashto literature gained significant prominence in the 20th century, with poetry by Ameer Hamza Shinwari who developed Pashto Ghazals. [291] In 1919, during the expanding of mass media, Mahmud Tarzi published Seraj-al-Akhbar, which became the first Pashto newspaper in Afghanistan.
Between the 1910s and the 1940s, many ethnic Pashtun herders settled in Afghan Turkestan. [1] From the 1930s to the 1970s, after the ethnically Tajik Habibullāh Kalakāni attempted and failed to seize power in Afghanistan during the 1928–1929 civil war, ethnic Uzbeks and ethnic Tajiks lost hundreds of thousands of acres of pasture and cultivated land in northern Afghanistan. [1]
According to some books written on the history of the Pashtuns, it is either unclear or controversial. [7] The Karlani confederacy Ormur Baraki, who became the progenitor of the Karlani. [8]: 33 There are several levels of the Pashtun tribal organization. The "tribe" is subdivided into kinship groups, each of which is a khel and zai.
Pashtunistan (Pashto: پښتونستان, lit. 'land of the Pashtuns') [4] or Pakhtunistan is a historical region on the crossroads of Central and South Asia, located on the Iranian Plateau, inhabited by the Pashtun people of southern and eastern Afghanistan [5] and northwestern Pakistan, [6] [7] wherein Pashtun culture, the Pashto language, and identity have been based.
Pashtunization (Pashto: پښتون جوړونه, Dari: پشتونسازی), [1] [2] [3] is a process of cultural or linguistic change in which someone or something non-Pashtun becomes acculturated to Pashtun influence.
The Kingdom of Afghanistan (Pashto: د افغانستان شاهي دولت, romanized: Dǝ Afġānistān Šahi Dawlat; Persian: پادشاهی افغانستان, romanized: Pādešāhī-ye Afġānistān) was a monarchy in Central Asia that was established in 1926 as a successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan.
The Pashtun people are classified as an Iranian ethnic group.They are indigenous to southern Afghanistan and western Pakistan. [1] [2] Although a number of theories attempting to explain their ethnogenesis have been put forward, the exact origin of the Pashtun tribes is acknowledged as being obscure. [3]