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In psychology, identity crisis is a stage theory of identity development which involves the resolution of a conflict over eight stages of life. [1] [2] The term was coined by German psychologist Erik Erikson. The stage of psychosocial development in which identity crisis may occur is called identity cohesion vs. role confusion.
On ego identity versus role confusion: ego identity enables each person to have a sense of individuality, or as Erikson would say, "Ego identity, then, in its subjective aspect, is the awareness of the fact that there is a self-sameness and continuity to the ego's synthesizing methods and a continuity of one's meaning for others". [41]
Erikson is credited with coining the term "identity crisis". [28] He describes identity crisis as a critical part of development in which an adolescent or youth develops a sense of self. Identity crisis involves the integration of the physical self, personality, potential roles and occupations. It is influenced by culture and historical trends.
Political identity development is the process how an individual decides on their identity around political issues. Political identity is not limited to partisan identification , but deals with many aspects of how individuals define their political beliefs, attitudes, issue preferences and how an individual relates to their political environment.
Each of Erikson's stages include both a positive and negative influences that can go on to be seen later in an individual's life. His theory includes the influence of biological factors on development. [9] Jane Loevinger (b.1918) built on the work of Erikson in her description of stages of ego development.
Many theories of development have aspects of identity formation included in them. Two theories directly address the process of identity formation: Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (specifically the Identity versus Role Confusion stage), James Marcia's identity status theory, and Jeffrey Arnett's theories of identity formation in emerging adulthood.
Childhood and Society was the first of Erikson's books to become popular. [2] The critic Frederick Crews calls the work "a readable and important book extending Freud's developmental theory." [3] The Oxford Handbook of Identity names Erikson as the seminal figure in "the developmental approach of understanding identity". [4]
James Marcia is perhaps best known for his extensive research and writings on psychological development, with specific attention focused on adolescent psychosocial development and lifespan identity development. Erik H. Erikson had suggested that the normative conflict occurring in adolescence is the opposition between identity achievement and ...