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An Einstein Ring is a special case of gravitational lensing, caused by the exact alignment of the source, lens, and observer. This results in symmetry around the lens, causing a ring-like structure. [2] The geometry of a complete Einstein ring, as caused by a gravitational lens. The size of an Einstein ring is given by the Einstein radius.
The Einstein radius is the radius of an Einstein ring, and is a characteristic angle for gravitational lensing in general, as typical distances between images in gravitational lensing are of the order of the Einstein radius.
Although Einstein made unpublished calculations on the subject, [9] the first discussion of the gravitational lens in print was by Khvolson, in a short article discussing the "halo effect" of gravitation when the source, lens, and observer are in near-perfect alignment, [7] now referred to as the Einstein ring.
The Einstein radius, also called the Einstein angle, is the angular radius of the Einstein ring in the event of perfect alignment. It depends on the lens mass M, the distance of the lens d L, and the distance of the source d S:
Strong gravitational lensing is a gravitational lensing effect that is strong enough to produce multiple images, arcs, or Einstein rings. Generally, for strong lensing to occur, the projected lens mass density must be greater than the critical density, that is . For point-like background sources, there will be multiple images; for extended ...
Einstein ring Formalism Strong lensing Microlensing Weak lensing: ... is the so-called Einstein angular radius of a point lens . For a single point lens at the origin ...
Depending on the configuration, scale, and mass distribution, there can be two or more images, a bright ring known as an Einstein ring, or partial rings called arcs. [110] The earliest example was discovered in 1979; [111] since then, more than a hundred gravitational lenses have been observed. [112]
A new photograph from the Hubble Space Telescope shows a stunning “Einstein Ring” billions of light-years from Earth — a phenomenon named after Albert Einstein.