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Pioneer 10 · Earth ... On November 6, 1973, the Pioneer 10 spacecraft was at a distance of 25 million km (16 million mi) from Jupiter. Testing of the imaging system ...
Pioneer 10 – launched in 1972, flew past Jupiter in 1973 and is heading in the direction of Aldebaran (65 light years away) in the constellation of Taurus.Contact was lost in January 2003, and it is estimated to have passed 134 astronomical units (AU; one AU is roughly the average distance between Earth and the Sun: 150 million kilometers (93 million miles)).
Pioneer 10: Pioneer 10: 3 March 1972 [2] Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D [3] NASA: Flyby Successful [4] Humanity's first object to attain Solar system's escape velocity. First probe to traverse the asteroid belt, to reach Jovanian system, to use a gravity assist and to leave the proximity of Solar systems' planets.
At a distance of about 162.755 AU (2.435 × 10 10 km) as of 9 February 2025, [7] [8] it is the farthest manmade object from Earth. [9] It was later estimated that Voyager 1 crossed the termination shock on December 16, 2004 at a distance of 94 AU from the Sun. [10] [11]
The Pioneer anomaly, or Pioneer effect, was the observed deviation from predicted accelerations of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft after they passed about 20 astronomical units (3 × 10 9 km; 2 × 10 9 mi) on their trajectories out of the Solar System.
Pioneer 9 (Pioneer D) – launched November 1968 (inactive since 1983) Pioneer E – lost in launcher failure August 1969; Pioneer 6 and Pioneer 9 are in solar orbits with 0.8 AU distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly shorter than Earth's. Pioneer 7 and Pioneer 8 are in solar orbits with 1.1 AU distance to the Sun.
On February 17, 1998, Voyager 1 reached a distance of 69 AU (6.4 billion mi; 10.3 billion km) from the Sun and overtook Pioneer 10 as the most distant spacecraft from Earth. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Traveling at about 17 km/s (11 mi/s), it has the fastest heliocentric recession speed of any spacecraft.
Pioneer 10 and 11 speed and distance from the Sun Heliocentric positions of the five interstellar probes (squares) and other bodies (circles) until 2020, with launch and flyby dates. Markers denote positions on 1 January of each year, with every fifth year labelled.