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To ensure that the northing and easting coordinates on a map are not negative (thus making measurement, communication, and computation easier), map projections may set up a false origin, specified in terms of false northing and false easting values, that offset the true origin. For example, in UTM, the origin of each northern zone is a point on ...
UTM eastings range from about 166 000 meters to 834 000 meters at the equator. In the northern hemisphere positions are measured northward from zero at the equator. The maximum "northing" value is about 9 300 000 meters at latitude 84 degrees North, the north end of the UTM zones. The southern hemisphere's northing at the equator is set at 10 ...
The false northing, N 0, is the distance of the true grid origin north of the false origin. If the true origin of the grid is at latitude φ 0 on the central meridian and the scale factor the central meridian is k 0 then these definitions give eastings and northings by:
1234 5678 (numerical location; easting is 1234 and northing is 5678, in this case specifying a location with 10 m resolution) An MGRS grid reference is a point reference system. When the term 'grid square' is used, it can refer to a square with a side length of 10 km (6 mi), 1 km, 100 m (328 ft), 10 m or 1 m, depending on the precision of the ...
(Grid references may be written with or without spaces; e.g., also NN166712.) NN has an easting of 200 km and northing of 700 km, so the OSGB36 National Grid location for Ben Nevis is at 216600, 771200. Illustration of the Ordnance Survey National Grid coordinate system, with Royal Observatory Greenwich as an example
Transformation of geographic coordinates (longitude and latitude) to Cartesian (x,y) or polar (r, θ) plane coordinates. In large-scale maps, Cartesian coordinates normally have a simple relation to eastings and northings defined as a grid superimposed on the projection. In small-scale maps, eastings and northings are not meaningful, and grids ...
Geodetic coordinates are a type of curvilinear orthogonal coordinate system used in geodesy based on a reference ellipsoid. They include geodetic latitude (north/south) ϕ, longitude (east/west) λ, and ellipsoidal height h (also known as geodetic height[1]). The triad is also known as Earth ellipsoidal coordinates[2] (not to be confused with ...
Transverse Mercator projection has many implementations. Louis Krüger in 1912 developed one of his two implementations [1] that expressed as a power series in the longitude difference from the central meridian. These series were recalculated by Lee in 1946, [2] by Redfearn in 1948, [3] and by Thomas in 1952. [4][5] They are often referred to ...