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4 Vapor pressure of liquid. 5 Spectral data. 6 References. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on toluene. MSDS sheets. Structure and properties
Nitration of toluene gives mono-, di-, and trinitrotoluene, all of which are widely used. Dinitrotoluene is the precursor to toluene diisocyanate, a precursor to polyurethane foam. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an explosive. Complete hydrogenation of toluene gives methylcyclohexane. The reaction requires a high pressure of hydrogen and a catalyst.
Antoine equation. The Antoine equation is a class of semi-empirical correlations describing the relation between vapor pressure and temperature for pure substances. The Antoine equation is derived from the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. The equation was presented in 1888 by the French engineer Louis Charles Antoine [fr] (1825–1897).
Raoult's law (/ ˈ r ɑː uː l z / law) is a relation of physical chemistry, with implications in thermodynamics.Proposed by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887, [1] [2] it states that the partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component (liquid or solid) multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture.
Trouton's rule. In thermodynamics, Trouton's rule states that the (molar) entropy of vaporization is almost the same value, about 85–88 J/ (K·mol), for various kinds of liquids at their boiling points. [1] The entropy of vaporization is defined as the ratio between the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling temperature.
Vapor pressure[a] or equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's thermodynamic tendency to evaporate. It relates to the balance of particles escaping ...
Trinitrotoluene (/ ˌtraɪˌnaɪtroʊˈtɒljuiːn /), [5][6] more commonly known as TNT (and more specifically 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and by its preferred IUPAC name 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene), [1] is a chemical compound with the formula C 6 H 2 (NO 2) 3 CH 3.
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid [ 1 ][ 2 ] and the liquid changes into a vapor. The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial vacuum, i.e., under a lower pressure, has a lower ...