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Process. In the Kroll process, titanium tetrachloride is reduced by liquid magnesium to give titanium metal: The reduction is conducted at 800–850 °C in a stainless steel retort. [2][3] Complications result from partial reduction of the TiCl 4, giving to the lower chlorides TiCl 2 and TiCl 3. The MgCl 2 can be further refined back to magnesium.
Rolling (metalworking) In metalworking, rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness, to make the thickness uniform, and/or to impart a desired mechanical property. The concept is similar to the rolling of dough. Rolling is classified according to the temperature of ...
Hematite is present in the waste tailings of iron mines. A recently developed process, magnetation, uses magnets to glean waste hematite from old mine tailings in Minnesota's vast Mesabi Range iron district. [17] Falu red is a pigment used in traditional Swedish house paints. Originally, it was made from tailings of the Falu mine. [18]
Scrap. Scrap consists of recyclable materials, usually metals, left over from product manufacturing and consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Unlike waste, scrap can have monetary value, especially recovered metals, and non-metallic materials are also recovered for recycling.
A statue commemorating Cornish and German miners in Bendigo, Victoria, Australia. In 1305 King Edward I established separate stannaries for Devon and Cornwall. Water was used to operate stamps to crush the ore, the lighter waste being washed away. The mineral "black tin" was placed in furnaces and layered with peat.
Swarf. Swarf, also known as chips or by other process-specific names (such as turnings, filings, or shavings), are pieces of metal, wood, or plastic that are the debris or waste resulting from machining, woodworking, or similar subtractive (material-removing) manufacturing processes. Swarf can be small particles (such as the gritty swarf from ...
Anthracite, also known as hard coal and black coal, is a hard, compact variety of coal that has a submetallic lustre. It has the highest carbon content, the fewest impurities, and the highest energy density of all types of coal and is the highest ranking of coals. The Coal Region of Northeastern Pennsylvania in the United States has the largest ...
In the modern IUPAC nomenclature, this group is known as group 17. [5] The word "halogen" means "salt former" or "salt maker". When halogens react with metals, they produce a wide range of salts, including calcium fluoride, sodium chloride (common table salt), silver bromide and potassium iodide.