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The connection can be made by a variety of different components: anchor bolts (also named fasteners), steel plates, or stiffeners. Anchor bolts transfer different types of load: tension forces and shear forces. [3] A connection between structural elements can be represented by steel columns attached to a reinforced concrete foundation. [4]
Precast parking structure showing an interior column, girders, and double-tee structural floors. The two gray circles are covers to close the lifting anchor holes. Precast concrete building components and site amenities are used architecturally as fireplace mantels, cladding, trim products, accessories and curtain walls.
The product data submittal usually consists of the manufacturer's product information. The information included in this submittal are: Manufacturer, trade name, model or type number and quantities: This information is necessary to compare the submitted item with the specified products and acceptable products listed, in the specification and addenda.
The sheet-based formwork with V-shaped rails keeps shape in one direction (vertically) but, before being reinforced with steel beams, can be bent. Multiple sheets can be fixed together in same manner fences made of iron "sheets" can be. A circle can be made from a single sheet of "21" formwork, allowing cylindrical columns to be poured.
Even though years of experience accounts for a good gauge for the appropriate lifting anchor to be used, it should not be left to the reinforcement fabricators and precast factory personnel to select the lifting anchor. The design engineer should specifically account for the applied loads expected during the lifting, transport and placement (or ...
In short-span bridges of around 10 to 40 metres (30 to 130 ft), prestressing is commonly employed in the form of precast pre-tensioned girders or planks. [42] Medium-length structures of around 40 to 200 metres (150 to 650 ft), typically use precast-segmental, in-situ balanced-cantilever and incrementally-launched designs. [43]
The first building with all pre-stressed concrete columns, beams, and double tees was a two-story office building in Winter Haven, Florida, designed and built in 1961 by Gene Leedy. Leedy experimented when building his architectural office by using structural elements of prestressed concrete and designing the new "double-tee" structural elements.
A steel column is extended by welding or bolting splice plates on the flanges and webs or walls of the columns to provide a few inches or feet of load transfer from the upper to the lower column section. A timber column is usually extended by the use of a steel tube or wrapped-around sheet-metal plate bolted onto the two connecting timber sections.