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Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), is a rare condition in which parts of the brain are affected by swelling, usually as a result of an underlying cause.
Ifosfamide can cause a severe encephalopathy (but it can be reversible with stopping use of the drug and starting the use of methylene blue). [5] Bevacizumab and other anti–vascular endothelial growth factor medication can cause posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. [5]
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome has a similar presentation, and is found in 10–38% of RCVS patients. [1] RCVS is diagnosed by detecting diffuse reversible cerebral vasoconstriction. [1] Catheter angiography is ideal, but computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography can identify about 70% of cases. [1]
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare clinical disease characterized by cerebral edema. [12] The exact pathophysiology, or cause, of the syndrome is still debated but is hypothesized to be related to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier. [12]
Hypertensive encephalopathy (HE) is general brain dysfunction due to significantly high blood pressure. [3] Symptoms may include headache, vomiting, trouble with balance, and confusion. [1] Onset is generally sudden. [1] Complications can include seizures, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and bleeding in the back of the eye. [1] [3]
Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome; Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts. It can also refer to gene MLC1 or Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 1, a human gene related to the former disease. Hypertensive leukoencephalopathy; The classification of leukoencephalopathies is a matter of ...
Hepatic encephalopathy is possibly reversible with treatment. [1] This typically involves supportive care and addressing the triggers of the event. [4] Lactulose is frequently used to decrease ammonia levels. [1] Certain antibiotics (such as rifaximin) and probiotics are other potential options. [1]
Some neurological syndromes outside of the ACR classification may also be considered NPSLE manifestations. These include neuromyelitis optica, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, small fiber neuropathy, [4] and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome. [5]