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In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation. [1] By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%.
Absolute bioavailability refers to the bioavailability of a drug when administered via an extravascular dosage form (i.e. oral tablet, suppository, subcutaneous, etc.) compared with the bioavailability of the same drug administered intravenously (IV). This is done by comparing the AUC of the non-intravenous dosage form with the AUC for the drug ...
The first symptoms often include acute abdominal pain with diarrhoea or vomiting. [7] Muscle pain and general tiredness are frequent, [7] and low blood pressure is also common. [15] Symptoms can also include pink eye, rashes, enlarged lymph nodes, swollen hands and feet, and "strawberry tongue". [6] Various mental disturbances are possible. [6]
Lipinski's rule of five, also known as Pfizer's rule of five or simply the rule of five (RO5), is a rule of thumb to evaluate druglikeness or determine if a chemical compound with a certain pharmacological or biological activity has chemical properties and physical properties that would likely make it an orally active drug in humans.
The Chinese definition of "bioequivalence" entails having the test drug's geometric mean C max, AUC (0–t), and AUC (0–∞) fall into 80%–125% of the reference drug in both fasting and fed states. The reference drug should be preferably the original brand-name drug, then (if not available) an internationally-recognized generic approved by ...
2. Excessive Stress. Stress is a natural, normal part of the human experience, and your body knows how to handle it. When you’re under stress, your body releases stress hormones that activate ...
The oral bioavailability of amphetamine varies with gastrointestinal pH; [87] it is well absorbed from the gut, and bioavailability is typically 90%. [14] Amphetamine is a weak base with a p K a of 9.9; [ 20 ] consequently, when the pH is basic, more of the drug is in its lipid soluble free base form, and more is absorbed through the lipid-rich ...
An example is the hypersegmented neutrophil, which is seen only in megaloblastic anemias (not a single disease, but a set of closely related disease states). More often a test result is "pathognomonic" only because there has been a consensus to define the disease state in terms of the test result (such as diabetes mellitus being defined in ...