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The cell wall of some Gram-positive bacteria can be completely dissolved by lysozymes which attack the bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. In other Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, the walls are resistant to the action of lysozymes. [4] They have O-acetyl groups on carbon-6 of some muramic acid ...
Spiral bacteria are another major bacterial cell morphology. [2] [30] [31] [32] Spiral bacteria can be sub-classified as spirilla, spirochetes, or vibrios based on the number of twists per cell, cell thickness, cell flexibility, and motility. [33] Bacteria are known to evolve specific traits to survive in their ideal environment. [34]
The increased cell length can protect bacteria from protozoan predation and neutrophil phagocytosis by making ingestion of cells more difficult. [1] [3] [4] [5] Filamentation is also thought to protect bacteria from antibiotics, and is associated with other aspects of bacterial virulence such as biofilm formation. [6] [7]
The process of bacterial cell division is defined as binary fission, where a bacterium splits to produce two daughter cells. [4] This division occurs during cytokinesis, which in bacteria is made possible due to the divisome (a specific large protein complex) and FtsZ (the ancestor to tubulin for bacteria that drives cytokinesis itself). [4]
In the DNA segment shown, the 5′ to 3′ directions are down the left strand and up the right strand. The 5′-end (pronounced "five prime end") designates the end of the DNA or RNA strand that has the fifth carbon in the sugar-ring of the deoxyribose or ribose at its terminus.
Bacterial morphological plasticity refers to changes in the shape and size that bacterial cells undergo when they encounter stressful environments. Although bacteria have evolved complex molecular strategies to maintain their shape, many are able to alter their shape as a survival strategy in response to protist predators, antibiotics, the immune response, and other threats.
For the bacterial (prokaryotic) cells that are bounded by a single cell membrane the term "monoderm bacteria" or "monoderm prokaryotes" has been proposed. [ 4 ] [ 8 ] In contrast to gram-positive bacteria, all archetypical Gram-negative bacteria are bounded by a cytoplasmic membrane as well as an outer cell membrane; they contain only a thin ...
The most bacteria were obtained from the upper 3cm of sediment in the sample, with concentrations decreasing exponentially past this point. [18] Here, Thiomargarita namibiensis is easily suspended in moving ocean currents due to the sheath around the cells, which makes it easy for the bacteria to passively float. [19]