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Tinzaparin is an antithrombotic drug in the heparin group. It is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) marketed as Innohep worldwide. It has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for once daily treatment and prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
The FDA has used five analytical and pharmacological criteria to establish the authenticity of a generic LMWH without requiring clinical studies in patients. [ 27 ] From a regulatory viewpoint, the FDA considers LMWHs (as well as insulin , glucagon and somatropin ) as "generic" drugs, even though they may be sourced from biological material.
An FDA building. The Standard for Exchange of Nonclinical Data (SEND) is an implementation of the CDISC Standard Data Tabulation Model (SDTM) for nonclinical studies, which specifies a way to present nonclinical data in a consistent format. These types of studies are related to animal testing conducted during drug development.
Heparin and its low-molecular-weight derivatives (e.g., enoxaparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin) are effective in preventing deep vein thromboses and pulmonary emboli in people at risk, [24] [25] but no evidence indicates any one is more effective than the other in preventing mortality.
If the FDA detects a problem, it may place a clinical hold on the IND, prohibiting the start of the clinical studies until the problem is resolved, as outlined in 21 CFR 312.42. An IND must be labeled "Caution: New Drug – Limited by Federal (or United States) law to investigational use," per 21 CFR 312.6
Taurolidine/heparin, sold under the brand name Defencath, is a fixed-dose combination catheter lock solution used for central venous catheter instillation. [1] [2] It contains taurolidine, a thiadiazinane antimicrobial; and heparin, an anti-coagulant.
To legally test the drug on human subjects in the United States, the maker must first obtain an Investigational New Drug (IND) designation from FDA. [5] This application is based on nonclinical data, typically from a combination of in vivo and in vitro laboratory safety studies, that shows the drug is safe enough to test in humans. [5]
The FDA animal efficacy rule (also known as animal rule) applies to development and testing of drugs and biologicals to reduce or prevent serious or life-threatening conditions caused by exposure to lethal or permanently disabling toxic agents (chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear substances), where human efficacy trials are not feasible or ethical. [1]